Carnaval (Russian: Карнавал) is a ballet of the Ballets Russes, based on the music of Robert Schumann's, Carnaval, for piano, as orchestrated by Aleksandr Glazunov, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Anatole Liadov, Alexander Tcherepnin. It was choreographed by Mikhail Fokine to his own libretto, with costumes designed by Léon Bakst, and premiered in Pavlovsk on 5 March (old style, 20 February) 1910.
The leading dancers of the Imperial Ballet were engaged in the production: Tamara Karsavina (Columbine), Leonid Leontiev (Harlequin), Vera Fokina (Chiarina), Ludmila Schollar (Estrella), Bronislava Nijinska (Papillon), Vsevolod Meyerhold (Pierrot), Vasily Kiselev (Florestan), Aleksandr Shiryaev (Eusebius). The ballet became world-famous due to its production by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes (Theater des Westens, Berlin, 20 May 1910), with new sets and costumes by Bakst, with Lydia Lopokova as Columbine and Vaslav Nijinsky as Harlequin. On 14 September 1933, the ballet was revived in London by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo (staged by Woizikovsky) for Alexandra Danilova (appearing as Columbine).
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The curtain rises on three ladies pursued by three swains. Then Chiarina and Estrella appear. Suddenly Pierrot appears anxiously through a curtain and dances with long sleeves flapping, as if in search of love. Harlequin bounds in and teases him.
There is a scene with the dreamy Eusebius and Chiarina, one with Estrella and Florestan, and another with Pierrot trying (and failing) to catch Papillon in his hat.
Columbine and Harlequin tease the pompous Pantalone and are eventually betrothed. The Philistines are routed by all the dancing couples, and Harlequin binds Pantalone with Pierrot's sleeves.
For the benefit performance, the chasing of the Philistines took place in the audience, but this action later took place on stage.
Among the outstanding variations were the solo by Harlequin, where he finished one series of pirouettes by slowing down and sitting on the final chord, a pas de trois by Estrella and two friends, and a duet by Harlequin and Columbine, in which his steps were performed to the melody of the flute and clarinet and hers, in counterpoint, to the strings.
Le Carnaval was created in three spontaneous rehearsals in 1910 for a charity performance in Pavlov Hall, St. Petersburg, to benefit the magazine Satyricon.
When Fokine was approached by two young men involved in the publication (Mikhail Kornfeld, later to be its publisher, and the later-famous poet Potemkin) they gave him free rein, although they mentioned that the theme of the event was to be carnival. The choreographer immediately thought of Schumann's Carnaval Suite for Piano, which he had long admired.
It has musical references (to Chopin and Paganini), literary ones (to the four commedia dell'arte characters Harlequin, Columbine, Pierrot and Pantalone), and stage directions written in after it was completed.
There are also autobiographical references to Ernestine Von Frichen, with whom Schumann was in love when he was very young, to Clara Schumann, his wife, and in the final section of the music, entitled "Marche des Davidsbundler contre les Philistines", to the composer's advocacy of the "new" art, as against the conservation of the old. The "Davidsbund" was an artistic society invented by Schumann as a foil to the conservative musical establishment].
The libretto was put together by Fokine and Léon Bakst and has no real plot; rather it is a series of light, humorous, and joyous incidents combined with some moments of poignancy and an undercurrent of satire.
The four charactes of the commedia are complemented by Florestan, representing the impulsive side of Schumann's nature, Eusebius, the thoughtful solitary side,[1] Estrella (Ernestine), Chiarina (Clara), Papillon, a fluttering lady, six light-hearted couples, and four Philistines.
For the gallant males, coquettish females, and lovers who teasingly accept and reject each other, Fokine devised numerous pas de deux, pas de trois and pas seuls.
They illustrate another instance where the role of the designer, in this case Bakst, was of utmost importance.
His sketches for the costumes gave Fokine further inspiration for the finely etched characters he created. The simple set— the ante-room of a ballroom delineated by a curtain running all around the stage and up to the flies, with two chandeliers and two small striped sofas— as well as the costumes, were designed in the style of Biedermeier.
Even the traditional commedia dell'arte figures were altered slightly to fit this viewpoint. The set had evidently the effect of making the dancers appear smaller- thus making the audience feel even more strongly that they were watching a finely tuned miniature.
Carnaval seems to have been the most delicate, most exquisite ballet Fokine ever created, as well as the most difficult to pinpoint.
As was the case with many of his works, the roles depended to a large degree upon the talents of the original performers, and if one looks at just the steps (except for the one Harlequin solo) they are almost simplistic. It was the infusion of lightness, gaiety, coyness, and self-absorption, combined with an underlying sadness- all of which must be contributed by the dancers- that resulted in what most critics of the time regarded as a most effective adaptation of Schumann's music and characters.
Recent attempts to reconstruct the work in England, Sweden, and the United States have had varying degrees of success. This is because the roles must be created from within each individual performer, not from externally imposed steps or gestures. They require someone like Fokine himself to elicit this from the dancers- an almost impossible task.
Bremster, M. (ed.) 1993. The International Dictionary of Ballet, 2 vols. (Detroit: St James Press) ISBN 1-55862-084-2
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